European mannequin head design is deeply influenced by classical aesthetics, with the statue of David as the typical Greek nose, from the brow bone to the tip of the nose is a right-angled fold line, the nose shrinks significantly, highlighting the hard lines. The eye sockets are deep-set, the orbital bone structure is clearly exposed, and the roots of the eyelashes are carefully sculpted with shadows to enhance the sense of three-dimensionality. The highlights on the cheekbones, 3cm below the temples, are raised and angular, similar to the reflective design of the iPhone's metal frame, which is eye-catching and textured. The upper lip is thinner than the lower lip, and the corners of the mouth naturally droop, as seen in the window displays at the Galeries Lafayette in Paris, with European elegance.
The Chinese head has an oriental flavour, with an S-shaped nose from the base to the tip. The eye sockets are flattened, with a gradation of paint replacing the actual hollows, preserving the contour of the phoenix eyes and adding a subtle touch of beauty. The apples are treated with a matte finish on both cheeks to avoid a strong skeletal look. The smile formula follows the Peking Opera Dan character's 'Pursed Lip Smile', with the corners of the mouth rising 8 degrees to reveal a gentle temperament.
In terms of shoulders, the European mannequins had straight shoulders with a 90-degree turn to emphasise the sense of strength, while the Chinese mannequins had a 15-degree tilt to simulate the natural curve of silk sliding down, showing elegance. In terms of waist-to-hip ratio, European mannequins pursue the golden ratio of 0.7, with a narrow waistline like an hourglass, while Chinese mannequins have a gentle curve of 0.8, with a 2cm visual buffer zone around the waist and abdomen, which is more subtle. At the spine line, the European mannequins are obviously S-shaped concave, which is suitable for the display of backless dresses; the Chinese mannequins are straight and slightly curved, which is suitable for the demand of the Cheongsam's stand-up collar.
The arm of the European mannequin focuses on muscle sculpting, with biceps bulging out and a clearly visible hawksbill bone shape at the elbow joint. The gesture design, five fingers open angle > 30 degrees, like the classic pose of Versace shop in Milan, full of vigour. The back of the hand is embossed with veins, and the knuckles are folded with up to five lines, in an effort to be authentic. The Chinese arm is streamlined, with a spindle shape from the shoulder to the wrist, and a weakening of the joints. The middle finger and ring finger are naturally together, and the little finger is slightly curved by 5 degrees. The skin is glazed with a 'Jingdezhen white porcelain' effect, with no wrinkles at the joints, showing all the finesse.
So white torso mannequin, linen mannequin torso, hanging female mannequin torso and other dummy mannequin and its related torso part design in Europe and China is different.